Molecular characterization and genotyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nasal carriage of healthy Iranian children

Abstract

Purpose. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has become a considerable public health concern in both developed and developing countries due to the rapid spread of this bacterium around the world, also the epidemiology of MRSA has changed, as the isolation of MRSA strains is not limited to health-care settings or patients with predisposing risk factors. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance profile of CA-MRSA nasal carriage in Iranian children. Methodology. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2013 to March 2014. A total of 25 CA-MRSA were isolated from the anterior nares of 410 preschool children with no risk factors. All MRSA isolates were characterized by detection of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl) and gamma-hemolysin genes. staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Results. In 25 CA-MRSA isolates, Pvl and gamma-hemolysin genes were detected in one (4) and 18 (72) isolates; respectively. Overall, 92 (23/25) of isolates belonged to SCCmec type IV and 8 (2/25) of them had SCCmec type V profile. Using MLST, the 25 isolates were grouped into six clonal complexes (CC) and eight sequence types (ST) (CC5/ST6, CC22/ST22 and ST217, CC30/ST30 and ST1107, CC78/ST859, CC398/ST291 and CC97/ST405). The ST859/SCCmec IV (11/25, 44) was the predominant clone among the isolates. ST859-MRSA-IV-pvl-negative (resistant to tetracycline) have successfully adapted to the Iranian preschool children population. Conclusion. Our results suggest that the genomic diversity was observed among the CA-MRSA. In addition, the current study demonstrates that pvl is not a reliable marker for CA-MRSA in our region.