A Quick Review of Redox State in Cancer: Focus to Bladder

Abstract

A cell is dying when there is no repair after damage. Indeed, the etiology of cancers associates with damaged or unrepaired cells. Cancer results from imbalance between cell's oxidant and antioxidant defenses. This study aimed to review formation of cancer associated to oxidative stress. Tumorgenesis is caused by deregulation of the redox homeostasis by reactive oxygen species that stimulate the formation of tumor by starting an abnormal introduction of signaling nets. Proliferation accompanied by uncontrolled growth could lead to development of mass cancer cells. Kinases/phosphatases, transcription factors, reactive oxygen-nitrogen species and signal transduction are the most important cascades. The biology of tumor is affected by: 1) redox control through growth factor receptor signal, 2) superoxidase production due to small amount of oxygen, 3) infiltrating cytotoxic immune cells, 4) anticancer treatments, 5) repetitive ischemia-reperfusion cycles due to irregular blood supply and 6) inflammation. Keywords: Oxidant; Anti-oxidant; Cancer; Bladder.