Emergence of carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli isolates producing bla(NDM) and bla(OXA-48)-like carried on IncA/C and IncL/M plasmids at two Iranian university hospitals

Abstract

The emergence of carbapenem resistance among Escherichia coli is a serious threat to public health. The objective of this study was to investigate resistance genes and clonality of carbapenem resistant E. coli in Iran. Between February 2015 and July 2016, a total of 32 non-duplicate E. coli isolates that were ertapenem resistant or intermediate (R/I-ETP) were collected from patient clinical or surveillance cultures (rectal swabs) at two university hospitals. Resistance genes were identified by PCR and sequencing. Conjugation experiments, PCR-based replicon typing, PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were performed. PCR assays showed, among the 32 isolates, twenty-nine strains produced carbapenemase genes. The predominant carbapenemase was bla(OXA-48) (82.8), followed by bla(NDM-1) (31), bla(NDM-7) (6.9) and bla(OXA-181) (3.4). Seven of the bla(NDM) positive isolates co-harbored bla(OXA-48) carbapenemases. The bla(NDM) and bla(OXA-48) were found in IncA/C and IncL/M conjugative plasmids, respectively. The bla(CTX-M-15), qnrA and intI1 genes were also present in most isolates. The PFGE revealed genetic diversity among the 28 E. coli isolates, which belonged to six minor PFGE clusters and 14 isolates were singletons. The 26 isolates were distributed into 18 STs, of which two were dominant (ST648 and ST167). We identified one bla(NDM-1)-positive ST131 E. coli isolates that harbor the bla(CTX-M-15) and bla(TEM) genes. Horizontal transfer of IncA/C and IncL/M plasmids has likely facilitated the spread of the blaOXA-48 and blaNDM genes among E. coli. Their clonal diversity and the presence of faecal carriers in isolates suggest an endemic spread of OXA-48 and NDM. Therefore, it emphasizes the critical importance of monitoring and controlling the spread of carbapenem resistant E. coli.