Optimization and characterization of polyhydroxybutyrate/lignin electro-spun scaffolds for tissue engineering applications

Abstract

The tissue engineering scaffolds requires efficient combination of materials, appropriate method of preparation, and precise characterization of final product. In this study, the optimal electrospinning process conditions of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) were investigated by Taguchi design. Then, the initial PHB solution characteristics in the presence of lignin were optimized and then electro-spun. In this regard, the uniformity of electro-spun nanofibers, observed by SEM, confirmed that 9 w/v is the optimum concentration of PHB in Trifluoro acetic acid. Addition of 6 wt of lignin to PHB, could alleviate both the brittleness and hydrophobicity of PHB, as DSC, XRD, and WCA results indicated decrement in crystallinity (from 46 to 39 ), crystal size (from 21.8 to 15.2 nm), and WCA (from 118 to 73°). On the other hand, FESEM results represented diameter reduction from 1318 ± 202.07 to 442 ± 111.04 nm, and transformation of nanofiber physical structure from ribbon-like to cylindrical fiber by adding lignin. In addition, the mechanical properties of PHB including elongation at break, toughness, young modulus, and tensile strength were also improved (up to twice) by adding lignin. Ultimately, reviewing the outputs of degradation, bioactivity, MG63 cell viability, proliferation, mineralization, and antioxidant activity confirm that PHB/lignin electrospun scaffold has potential application in tissue engineering.