Modeling and optimization approach for phytoremediation of formaldehyde from polluted indoor air by Nephrolepis obliterata plant

Abstract

This study aimed to model the removal of formaldehyde as an indoor air pollutant by Nephrolepis obliterata (R.Br.) J.Sm. plant using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models, and optimization of the models by particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The data obtained in pilot-scale experiments under a controlled environment were used in this study. The effects of parameters on the removal efficiency such as formaldehyde concentration, relative humidity, light intensity, and leaf surface area were empirically investigated and considered as model parameters. The results of the RSM model, with power transformation, were in meaningful compromise with the experiments. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network was also designed, and the mean of squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and R(2) were used to evaluate the network. Several training algorithms were assessed and the best one, the Levenberg Marquardt (LM), was selected. The PSO algorithm proved that the highest removal efficiency of formaldehyde was obtained in the presence of light, maximum leaf surface area and relative humidity, and at the lowest inlet concentration. The empirical system breakthrough occurred at 15 mg/m(3) of formaldehyde, and the maximum elimination capacity was about 0.96 mg per m(2) of leaves. The findings indicated that the ANN model predicted the removal efficiency more accurately compared to the RSM model.