Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Matched Case-Control Study

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent and the second fatal cancer in the world. Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are suggested to be related to various non-communicable diseases including cancers. However, studies on the relationship between UPFs and CRC are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the association between consumption of UPFs and CRC. In a case-control study conducted in four hospitals in Tehran, Iran, consumption of UPFs in 71 CRC patients and 142 controls (patients with non-neoplastic diseases) were compared. Using 125-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, dietary intakes were assessed. We used Multivariate logistic regression to estimate the association between UPFs intake and risk of CRC. Intake of nondairy beverages (P = 0.009), processed meat and fast food (P = 0.04) was significantly higher in those in the highest tertile of UPFs intake compared to the lowest tertile. In addition, intake of UPFs was associated with higher risk of CRC. The association remained constant after adjustment for BMI, income, smoking, type of job, educational level, and physical activity (OR, 3.32; 95 CI, 1.44-7.61; P = 0.003). Results of this study indicate that the intake of UPFs is associated with increased odds of CRC.