Demographic and Injury Characteristics as Potential Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are prevalent and can have debilitating consequences, with various factors potentially influencing their occurrence. This multicentric study aimed to comprehensively analyze the epidemiological characteristics of ACL injuries. We hypothesized that specific patient characteristics, such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and sports involvement, would be associated with distinct injury patterns and risk profiles. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed the medical records of 712 patients aged 15-60 diagnosed with ACL rupture. Data on demographics, injury mechanisms, associated injuries, graft type, and sports involvement were collected. Results: The majority of patients were male (93.1), aged 15-30 years (80.2), and overweight (66.7). Autografts were the predominant graft choice (96.07). Associated injuries were present in 79.5 of cases, with medial meniscus ruptures being the most common (37.36). Sports-related (49.3) and non-sports-related (50.7) injuries were nearly equal, with non-contact injuries more prevalent (71.1). In the sports-related subgroup, associated injuries emerged as a significant risk factor for ACL rupture (p = 0.014, OR = 1.596, 95 CI: 1.101-2.314), whereas non-contact mechanisms showed borderline significance (OR = 0.75, p = 0.09). Moreover, younger athletes were more susceptible to sports-related injuries (p = 0.024), with football being the primary sport involved. Conclusions: This study identified a high prevalence of concomitant injuries with ACL injury, which increased the risk of ACL injury, particularly in sports-related cases. Age-related differences in injury patterns highlight the need for age-appropriate preventive measures, especially for younger athletes participating in high-risk sports. This underscores the need for comprehensive injury assessment, targeted prevention strategies, and optimized clinical management approaches tailored to different populations' specific characteristics and risks.