NiFe2O4 nanoparticles grafted sulfonated melamine for rapid magnetic dispersive μ-solid phase extraction of pesticides in apple and pear samples: Greenness evaluation

Abstract

In this research, a facile and rapid magnetic dispersive mu -solid-phase extraction technique based on novel and high-performance sulfonated melamine-modified NiFe2O4 2 O 4 nanoparticles was developed forsimultaneous extraction and separation of fifteen pesticides followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The characterization of the synthesized nano-adsorbent was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The substantial factors including pH, the amount of nano-sorbent, ionic strength, sample volume, and desorption conditions (i.e. desorption solvent type and volume, and desorption time) on the extraction efficiencies of the interest pesticides from apple and pear samples were explored using the matrixed match method. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range of 0.2-500 mu g kg- 1 , LODs, and LOQs in the range of 0.065-0.077 mu g kg- 1 and 0.22-0.26 mu g kg- 1 for apple and 0.065-0.085 mu g kg- 1 and 0.22-0.29 mu g kg- 1 for pear were acquired. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were evaluated at three spiked concentration levels (10, 50, and 100 mu g kg- 1 of each analyte) on the same day and five distinct days, respectively. The RSD () values were <= 3.6 for intra-day (n = 6) and <= 4.3 for inter-day (5 days and n = 3) precisions. High relative recoveries of 92.5-98.9 revealed high potential of the presented method for analysis of pesticides in complex matrixes. Moreover, Analytical Greenness metric approach was applied and consequently confirmed the greenness of the method which accompanied with the green analytical aspects.