Crowd Simulations and Determining the Critical Density Point of Emergency Situations

Abstract

Objective: In modern societies, crowds and mass gatherings are recurrent. A combination of inadequate facilities and inefficient population management can lead to injury and death. Simulating people's behavior in crowds and mass gatherings can assist in the planning and management of gatherings, especially in emergency situations. Methods: We aimed to determine the crowd pattern and the critical density point in the grand bazaar of Kerman in Iran. We collected data by use of a census method with a questionnaire. To determine the critical density point, height and weight data were placed in the equation s = root L*M/3600 and the outer body surface of all the individuals in the bazaar was calculated. The crowd was simulated by use of flow-based modeling. Flow rate was determined by using the equation (flow rate = density * speed). By use of SketchUp Pro software (version 8; Trimble, Sunnyvale, CA), the movement of each person and the general flow rate were simulated in the three-dimensional environment of Kerman bazaar. Results: Our findings showed that the population critical density point in Kerman bazaar would be 6112 people. In an accident, the critical density point in Kerman bazaar would be created in about 1 minute 10 seconds after the event. Conclusion: It seems necessary to identify and provide solutions for reducing the risk of disasters caused by overcrowding in Kerman bazaar. It is suggested that researchers conduct studies to design safe and secure emergency evacuation of Kerman bazaar as well as proper planning for better and faster access of aid squads to this location.