Association between calcium intake and prostate neoplasm; a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death, and the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of calcium use on the risk of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: The current systematic review and meta-analysis used the PRISMA checklist. The search was conducted using databases, including Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, PubMed, and Google Scholar Search Engine, without a time limit until November 22, 2023. The obtained data was analyzed using STATA 14 software. Results: The results obtained from combining 28 observational studies and clinical trials indicated that calcium increased the risk of prostate cancer (OR: 1.10, 95 CI: 1.06, 1.13). On the other hand, cohort (OR: 1.08, 95 CI: 1.06, 1.13), cross-control (OR: 1.04, 95 CI: 0.96, 1.14), cross-sectional (OR: 1.06, 95 CI: 0.86, 1.29), and randomized controlled trial (OR: 1.21, 95 CI: 1.06, 1.39) studies indicated a relationship between calcium use and risk of prostate malignancy. Furthermore, calcium increased the risk of prostate cancer in the age group 50 to 59 years (OR: 1.16, 95 CI: 1.09, 1.24), however no considerable association was noticed between calcium administration and prostate cancer in the age group 60 to 69 years (OR: 1.03, 95 CI: 0.94, 1.13). The risk of prostate cancer in individuals who used less than 1300 mg calcium per day, those who used 1300 – 2000 mg/d, and those who taken more than 2000 mg calcium per day were (OR: 1.04, 95 CI: 1, 1.09), (OR: 1.17, 95 CI: 1.09, 1.26), and (OR: 1.29, 95 CI: 1.13, 1.48), respectively. Conclusion: Generally, calcium administration increases the risk of prostate cancer in men by 10, and the risk is enhanced with the increase in dosage of calcium. Registration: This study has been compiled based on the PRISMA checklist, and its protocol was registered on the PROSPERO (ID=CRD42023489091) and Research Registry (UIN: reviewregistry1787) website. © 2024 The Author(s).