Secondary Prevention Medications in 17 Countries Grouped by Income Level (PURE) A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

BACKGROUND It is unclear whether global use of medications for secondary cardiovascular (CVD) prevention is improving over time. OBJECTIVES This study across 17 high-, middle- and low-income countries described variations in secondary CVD prevention medication use over a median follow-up of 12 years. METHODS In the multinational PURE (Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology) cohort study, we conducted a repeated cross-sectional analysis to examine temporal variations in the use of secondary prevention medications in participants with CVD. In participants with coronary artery disease, we focused on antiplatelet agents, statins, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, and b-blockers. In participants with stroke, we focused on antiplatelet agents, statins, RAS inhibitors, and other blood pressure-lowering drugs. Medications were collected at baseline and on 4 subsequent followup visits. RESULTS The analysis included 7,409 participants with a diagnosis of CVD at the baseline visit, 8,792 at the second visit, 9,236 at the third visit, 11,082 at the fourth visit, and 11,677 at the last visit. The median age at baseline was 58.0 years, and 52.9 of the participants were female. The median follow-up was 12 years, with the median year of the baseline visit in 2007 and the fifth visit in 2019. Over this period, use of 1 or more classes of medications for secondary CVD prevention was 41.3 (95 CI: 40.2-42.4) at baseline, peaked at 43.1 (95 CI: 42.0-44.1), and then decreased to 31.3 (95 CI: 30.4-32.1) by the last study visit. In high-income countries, this use decreased from 88.8 (95 CI: 86.6-91.0) to 77.3 (95 CI: 74.9-79.6). In upper-middle-income countries, this use increased from 55.0 (95 CI: 52.8-57.3) to 61.1 (95 CI: 59.1-63.1). In lower-middle-income countries, use of at least 1 class of medications was 29.5 (95 CI: 28.1-30.9) at baseline, peaked at 31.7 (95 CI: 30.4-33.1), and then decreased to 13.4 (95 CI: 12.5-14.2) by the last visit. In low-income countries, use of at least 1 class of medications was 20.8 (95 CI: 18.1-23.5) at baseline, peaked at 47.3 (95 CI: 44.8-49.9), and then decreased to 27.5 (95 CI: 25.2-29.9) by the last study visit. CONCLUSIONS Globally and in most country income-level groups, the use of medications for secondary CVD prevention has been low, with little improvement over time. (JACC. 2025;85:436-447) (c) 2025 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.