Targeting N-Methyl-lysine Histone Demethylase KDM4 in Cancer: Natural Products Inhibitors as a Driving Force for Epigenetic Drug Discovery

Abstract

KDM4A-F enzymes are a subfamily of histone demethylases containing the Jumonji C domain (JmjC) using Fe(II) and 2-oxoglutarate for their catalytic function. Overexpression or deregulation of KDM4 enzymes is associated with various cancers, altering chromatin structure and causing transcriptional dysfunction. As KDM4 enzymes have been associated with malignancy, they may represent novel targets for developing innovative therapeutic tools to treat different solid and blood tumors. KDM4A is the isozyme most frequently associated with aggressive phenotypes of these tumors. To this aim, industrial and academic medicinal chemistry efforts have identified different KDM4 inhibitors. Industrial and academic efforts in medicinal chemistry have identified numerous KDM4 inhibitors, primarily pan-KDM4 inhibitors, though they often lack selectivity against other Jumonji family members. The pharmacophoric features of the inhibitors frequently include a chelating group capable of coordinating the catalytic iron within the active site of the KDM4 enzyme. Nonetheless, non-chelating compounds have also demonstrated promising inhibitory activity, suggesting potential flexibility in the drug design. Several natural products, containing monovalent or bivalent chelators, have been identified as KDM4 inhibitors, albeit with a micromolar inhibition potency. This highlights the potential for leveraging them as templates for the design and synthesis of new derivatives, exploiting nature's chemical diversity to pursue more potent and selective KDM4 inhibitors.