The association of ultra-processed food intake with neurodegenerative disorders: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of large-scale cohorts

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Our systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to uncover the relationship between UPFs intake and neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), cognitive impairment, and dementia. SETTING: A systematic search was conducted using the Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, and ISI Web of Science databases without any limitation until June 24, 2023. Relative risk (RR) and 95 confidence interval (CI) were pooled by using a random-effects model, while validated methods examined quality and publication bias via Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, Egger's regression asymmetry, and Begg's rank correlation tests, respectively. RESULTS: Analysis from 28 studies indicated that a higher UPFs intake was significantly related to an enhanced risk of MS (RR = 1.15; 95 CI: 1.00, 1.33; I(2 )= 37.5; p = 0.050; n = 14), PD (RR = 1.56; 95 CI: 1.21, 2.02; I(2 )= 64.1; p = 0.001; n = 15), and cognitive impairment (RR = 1.17; 95 CI: 1.06, 1.30; I(2 )= 74.1; p = 0.003; n = 17), although not AD or dementia. We observed that a 25 g increment in UPFs intake was related to a 4 higher risk of MS (RR = 1.04; 95 CI: 1.01, 1.06; I(2 )= 0.0; p = 0.013; n = 7), but not PD. The non-linear dose-response relationship indicated a positive non-linear association between UPF intake and the risk of MS (P(nonlinearity) = 0.031, P(dose-response )= 0.002). This association was not observed for the risk of PD (P(nonlinearity) = 0.431, P(dose-response )= 0.231). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that persistent overconsumption of UPFs may have an adverse impact on neurodegenerative conditions, potentially leading to a decline in quality of life and reduced independence as individuals age.