Green carbon dots and theranostic applications

Abstract

Green carbon dots (GCDs) have emerged as a potential category of nanomaterials owing to their distinctive attributes, which include biocompatibility, low toxicity, increased photoluminescence (PL), and environmental sustainability. This paper thoroughly examines the synthesis of GCDs from renewable carbon sources, their unique features, and their extensive uses in theranostics, including bioimaging, drug administration, photothermal treatment, and molecular diagnostics. The synthesis methods, including hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and laser ablation procedures, are examined comprehensively, emphasizing their benefits and drawbacks. The study highlights the significance of surface functionalization and heteroatom doping in improving the optical and electrical characteristics of GCDs. Additionally, the capabilities of GCDs in sustainable nanotechnology and their contribution to resolving environmental and medicinal issues are analyzed. This article seeks to elucidate GCDs, including their synthesis, characteristics, and uses, while also delineating prospective research avenues to address current limits and enhance their potential in biological and environmental domains. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.