Public health system response to emerging infectious respiratory outbreaks in Iran

Abstract

Background: Emerging infectious respiratory diseases present significant challenges to public health systems worldwide. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has revealed critical weaknesses in Iran’s healthcare infrastructure, particularly regarding surveillance and testing capabilities. During the pandemic, Iran faced severe consequences, including a high death toll and overwhelming demands on its healthcare system. This situation highlights the urgent need for a stronger public health system in the country. Objective: This study identifies interventions implemented in Iran’s public health system during respiratory disease pandemics, their context, mechanisms and outcome. Methods: A qualitative realist study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 21 public health experts across various sectors. Data were analyzed through content-directed analysis using the CIMO (Context-Intervention-Mechanism-Outcome) approach and the SPRP (Strategic Preparedness and Response Plan) framework. Data collection occurred from March to June 2024. Results: Analysis revealed that factors such as individual behaviors, social capital, institutional settings, and political pressures significantly influenced intervention outcomes. Key interventions included enhanced risk communication strategies and the establishment of specialized respiratory disease centers. However, bureaucratic inefficiencies and resource limitations hindered effective responses. Additionally, continued investment in local diagnostic production is essential for maintaining national laboratory and vaccination capabilities. Conclusions: The findings underscore the necessity for systemic reforms in Iran’s public health framework to enhance preparedness for future pandemics. The realist approach provided insights into the complexities of intervention effectiveness, emphasizing the importance of context in shaping health outcomes. Strengthening primary healthcare and fostering inter-sectoral collaboration are essential for building a more resilient public health system capable of addressing emerging respiratory diseases effectively. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.