Dietary choline and betaine intake in relation to psychological disorders in adults

Abstract

Dietary choline and betaine, suggested as neuroprotective nutrients, have not been sufficiently studied in relation to psychological disorders. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary choline and betaine and common psychological disorders (depression, anxiety and psychological distress) among Iranian adults. Using a multistage cluster random sampling method, 533 middle-aged adults were included in this cross-sectional study. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated semi-quantitative 168-item FFQ. Depression, anxiety and psychological distress were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the General Health Questionnaire, both validated for the Iranian population. Binary logistic regression was applied to explore the associations. Mean age of participants was 42<middle dot>6 (sd 11<middle dot>14) years; of whom 18<middle dot>9, 5<middle dot>1 and 33<middle dot>4 had depression, anxiety and psychological distress, respectively. In the crude model, the highest intake of choline was negatively associated with depression (OR = 0<middle dot>52; 95 CI: 0<middle dot>30, 0<middle dot>91), anxiety (OR = 0<middle dot>38; 95 CI: 0<middle dot>14, 0<middle dot>99) and distress (OR = 0<middle dot>60; 95 CI: 0<middle dot>38, 0<middle dot>94) compared with the lowest intake. After considering all confounders, such associations remained significant in the case of depression (OR = 0<middle dot>51; 95 CI: 0<middle dot>26, 0<middle dot>98) but not for anxiety and distress. Additionally, there was no significant association between betaine intake and odds of depression, anxiety or distress in both crude and adjusted models. This study suggests a protective association between choline intake and depression, while no significant relation was found in the case of anxiety and distress. Betaine intake was not related to psychological disorders. Further prospective studies are crucial to replicate these findings.