Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of opium poisoning compared to other opioids in a poisoning referral center: Registry based study

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to compare the clinicoepidemiological characteristics of opium poisoning with other types of opioids and analyze factors associated with opium poisoning. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on patients with opioid poisoning from may 5, 2023 until may 5, 2024. Patients were divided into two groups: those with opium poisoning and those with other types of opioid poisoning. Data related to epidemiological, toxicological and clinical examinations as well as outcomes were collected. Results: This study included a total of 762 patients with opioid poisoning over a one-year period, of whom 126 had ingested opium. Patients with opium poisoning were older, married, less educated and had a higher prevalence of underlying diseases compared to patients with other types of opioid poisoning. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their level of consciousness (P < 0.001). Confusion, stupor and coma were more prevalent among those with opium poisoning. There was no statistically significant difference in terms of intubation and outcome in both groups (P > 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression in opium poisoning revealed that for every one-year increase in age, the odds of opium poisoning increased by up to 5 (OR = 1.05, 95 CI (1.03–1.07); P < 0.001) compared to other opioid poisoning. In total 10 patients died, with 2 of them ingesting opium. Conclusion: These findings could be helpful for risk assessment, management of opium poisoning and prevention strategies for the high-risk group. © 2025