FEM Analysis and Characterization of PVP-CMC-Forsterite Nano Composite Scaffolds via SLM 3D Printing for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Bone tissue is essential for maintaining overall health, and disruptions caused by injury, trauma, or disease can profoundly affect an individual's quality of life. Bone tissue engineering integrates advanced materials, biomedical technologies, and stem cells to rectify bone abnormalities, particularly when natural healing processes are impaired. This study aims to design, fabricate, and characterize three-component scaffolds composed of polymer, ceramic, and metal for application in bone tissue engineering to address fractures and defects that lead to bone loss. The core of the scaffolds was produced using stainless steel powder through Selective Laser Melting (SLM) 3D printing, subsequently coated via freeze-drying with a composite solution containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), and forsterite at varying weight percentages (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt). The samples underwent analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine phase composition and material purity, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) evaluated porosity and pore size distribution. Biological assessments included MTT assays, antibacterial tests, weight loss in Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS), and mechanical testing for compressive strength and hardness. Finite ElementAnalysis (FEA) was used to assess the mechanical behavior of the scaffolds, yielding significant insights into their mechanical properties and biocompatibility. The scaffold with 15 wt forsterite emerged as the most promising for clinical applications, demonstrating enhanced hardness, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance, along with promoting cell growth. SEM analysis revealed a uniform coating and improved pore structure, and FEA confirmed increased biocompatibility and mechanical resistance, indicating a novel approach to advancing bone tissue regeneration.