Synergic Effects and Possible Mechanism of Omega-6 Fatty Acids (ω-6) on Immune System, Inflammation, and Cancer

Abstract

Omega-6 fatty acids (omega-6) are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) prevalent in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds, with linoleic acid (LA, 18:2(omega-6)) contributing as a major precursor to bioactive metabolites. This study analyzes the dual function of omega-6 fatty acids in immune modulation, inflammation, and cancer advancement, emphasizing their pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Arachidonic acid (ARA), a derivative of LA, modulates immune cell activation, cytokine synthesis, and oxidative stress via eicosanoid signaling pathways, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and lipoxins. Metabolites like prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) facilitate inflammation and immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment, whereas lipoxin A4 (LXA4) demonstrates pro-resolving and anti-tumorigenic properties. The metabolic rivalry between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids also influences immunological homeostasis and the advancement of illness. Considering the contemporary dietary imbalance favoring elevated omega-6 consumption, our results highlight the need for a nuanced approach to dietary guidelines that accounts for the intricate interactions between PUFAs in immune modulation and inflammation resolution. Future studies should investigate tailored dietary strategies and treatment interventions aimed at PUFA metabolism to alleviate chronic inflammatory disorders including malignancy.