Therapeutic Potential of Amniotic Membrane in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Abstract

Background: Peripheral nerve injury is a common clinical problem that can have serious consequences for patients. These injuries are usually caused by factors such as trauma, crush, infection, or ischemia, and can result in sensory and motor dysfunction, muscle atrophy, and even complete limb paralysis. The process of peripheral nerve repair is strongly influenced by factors such as scar formation and fibrosis at the site of injury, which impede axonal growth and the restoration of nerve function. Methods: This article explores the unique properties of the amniotic membrane and its therapeutic potential in the regeneration of peripheral nerves. The analysis will encompass the biological structure of the amniotic membrane, the characteristics of the stem cells it contains, and the underlying mechanisms involved in tissue repair. Furthermore, this study will include a comprehensive review of existing clinical and laboratory research on the application of the amniotic membrane for the repair of peripheral nerves. Findings: Several methods are currently being used to facilitate peripheral nerve repair, including drugs, autologous tissues, and biomaterials; however, each approach has its limitations. As a result, the amniotic membrane, as a prenatal tissue, has attracted significant attention due to its beneficial biological properties that that can aid the neural repair process. This membrane is composed of mesenchymal and epithelial stem cells, possessing the capability to secrete growth factors and cytokines. The membrane demonstrates anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifibrotic effects, which can facilitate the healing process and help mitigate side effects. Conclusion: Given its unique properties, the amniotic membrane could serve as a promising therapeutic option for repairing peripheral nerve injuries. © 2025, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.