Emigration intentions among Iranian nurses and nursing students

Abstract

Background Nursing shortages are a critical challenge worldwide, and emigration of skilled nurses exacerbates workforce gaps, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Iran, growing nurse emigration threatens healthcare quality and system stability. This study assessed the emigration Intention of Iranian nurses in 2025 and identified associated individual and occupational factors. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 467 nurses and nursing students in Isfahan using convenience sampling. Data were collected through a validated 26-item Emigration Intention Questionnaire covering overall intention, push factors, pull factors, and destination attractiveness. Responses were scored on a 7-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics (mean +/- standard deviation), independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and Pearson and Spearman correlations were calculated using SPSS version 26, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results The mean total emigration Intention score was 139.55 (95 CI: 136.75-142.35). 35.8 of participants showed high inclination to emigrate. Younger and unmarried nurses reported significantly higher intention (P < 0.05), while gender and education level were not associated with emigration Intention (P > 0.05). Nursing students scored higher in the "intention" dimension than employed nurses (mean difference = 1.79, 95 CI: 0.03-3.56, P = 0.046). Conclusion Elevated emigration intention among Iranian nurses may pose challenges to healthcare system sustainability. Key predictors include younger age, single status, and early career stage. Effective retention strategies addressing domestic push factors, improving working conditions, providing financial and professional incentives, and enhancing awareness about migration challenges are essential to maintain a stable nursing workforce. Policymakers should prioritize evidence-based interventions to mitigate nurse emigration.