Versatile mesoporous bredigite nanoparticle platform for bone regeneration: intrinsic osteogenesis with drug-enabled antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects

Abstract

Versatile biomaterial platforms that can address multiple therapeutic requirements are critical for the long-term success of orthopedic implants. In this study, we developed a versatile mesoporous bredigite (MBR) nanoparticle platform that intrinsically promoted bone regeneration and could be adapted for antibacterial and antiinflammatory applications via efficient drug loading. MBR nanoparticles were synthesized using a rapid and energy-efficient microwave-assisted method, and the formation of mesoporous structures that facilitated efficient drug loading was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses. In-vitro studies showed that MBR nanoparticles promoted osteogenic performance by increasing alkaline phosphatase activity and promoting apatite formation in simulated body fluid. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) and simvastatin (SIM) were successfully loaded into MBR nanoparticles nanoparticles with high efficiencies of approximately 82 and 92 , respectively. The SIM-loaded MBR nanoparticles also affected key cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-10, and TGF-beta), showing strong anti-inflammatory effects. However, the MBR loaded with CIP exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. These results establish MBR nanoparticles as a novel, versatile, multifunctional platform that provides intrinsic osteogenesis and drug-enabled antibacterial and antiinflammatory effects to address complex orthopedic challenges.