(2026) Effectiveness of an ecological theory-driven health promotion program on improvement of retirement adjustment, psychological well-being, and coping strategies in Iranian retirees: a randomized controlled trial. Bmc Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458 (Electronic) 1471-2458 (Linking)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Retirement is a major life transition that affects psychological well-being and coping. This study evaluated the effect of a health promotion program grounded in an ecological framework on retirement adjustment, psychological well-being, and coping strategies among Iranian retirees. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 178 retirees from retirement centers affiliated with the Departments of Education and the Oil Industry in Fars province, southern Iran. Participants were systematically selected and randomly assigned to intervention (n = 90) and control (n = 88) groups using stratified block randomization. The intervention comprised a multicomponent program including blended learning (face-to-face sessions and mobile-based delivery via WhatsApp) and support from family and organizations. Educational strategies were guided by the PRECEDE-PROCEED model and Lazarus' transactional model of stress and coping. Data were collected at baseline, three months, and six months post-intervention using the Retirement Adjustment Scale, Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale, and Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Statistical analyses included repeated measures ANOVA, MANCOVA (adjusting for baseline scores), and independent samples t-tests. RESULTS: Groups did not differ significantly at baseline. Over time, the intervention group showed improvements in retirement adjustment, total psychological well-being, subjective well-being, psychological well-being dimension, ways of coping, and problem-focused coping (P < 0.001). Emotion-focused coping showed no significant change. Significant time-by-group interaction effects were observed for all these variables (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: An ecological, theory-driven health promotion program improved well-being, coping skills, and adjustment in retirees. Multilevel interventions addressing individual, family, and organizational levels may support healthy aging and successful retirement. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with a code of IRCT20180516039690N2, registered 16th September 2022.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Keywords: | Aging Coping strategies Health promotion Iran PRECEDE-PROCEED model Psychological well-being Retirees Retirement adjustment Transactional model of stress and coping received approval from the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (approval code: IR.SUMS.SCHEANUT.REC.1401.078). Participants were informed both in writing and verbally about the aims, methods, processes, and measures involved in the study. They were also made aware of ethical considerations, such as confidentiality, the right to ask questions during the study, and the right to withdraw without penalty. To ensure all participants were adequately informed and agreed to participate in the study, they were asked to sign a written informed consent form. The research team committed to conducting this study following the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) 59. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. |
| Journal or Publication Title: | Bmc Public Health |
| Journal Index: | Pubmed |
| Identification Number: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27764-9 |
| ISSN: | 1471-2458 (Electronic) 1471-2458 (Linking) |
| Depositing User: | خانم ناهید ضیائی |
| URI: | http://eprints.mui.ac.ir/id/eprint/34575 |
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