A Mini-Review of Nanotoxicology and an Introduction to the Toxicological Properties of Some Common Nanoparticles in Work Environments

Abstract

In recent years, the rapid advancement of nanotechnology has significantly impacted various fields, including the environment, medicine, agriculture, industry, and other sciences. Nanomaterials are now utilized across nearly all sectors, such as electronics, cosmetics, engineering, household products, biotechnology, and healthcare. As a result, there are growing concerns regarding the potential effects of nanoparticles on human health. Nanomaterials possess unique physical and chemical properties that differentiate them from larger-scale materials. Research indicates that nanoparticles can enter the human body through several routes: inhalation via the respiratory system, absorption through the skin, or ingestion through the digestive system. Once inside the body, these particles can accumulate in vital organs such as the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain. This accumulation may lead to various health issues, including respiratory disorders, behavioral changes, neurological disorders, oxidative stress, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and even cancer. This study reviews research conducted between 2016 and 2024, highlighting the pathways through which nanoparticles affect the human body, the associated health consequences, and their applications ‒ particularly focusing on materials such as copper, gold, silver, silica, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, molybdenum oxide, and polystyrene. Additionally, a summary of pertinent in-vitro and in-vivo studies is provided. © 2026, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.