Sonoelectrochemical mineralization of perfluorooctanoic acid using Ti/PbO2 anode assessed by response surface methodology

Abstract

Background: Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) are emerging pollutant and classified as fully fluorinated hydrocarbons containing a carboxylic group. PFCAs show intensively resistance against chemical and biological degradation due to their strong C-F bond. The Sonoelectrochemical mineralization of the synthetic aqueous solution of the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on Ti/PbO2 anode was investigated using the response surface methodology based on a central composite design with three variables: current density, pH, and supporting electrolyte concentration. Methods: The defluorination ratio of PFOA was determined as an indicator of PFOA mineralization. Fluoride ion concentration was measured with an ion chromatograph unit. The Ti/PbO2 electrode was prepared using the electrochemical deposition method. The ultrasonic frequency was 20 kHz. Results: The optimum conditions for PFOA mineralization in synthetic solution were electrolyte concentration, pH, and current density of 94 mM, 2, and 83.64 mA/cm(2), respectively. The results indicated that the most effective factor for PFOA mineralization was current density. Furthermore, the PFOA defluorination efficiency significantly enhanced with increasing current density. Under optimum conditions, the maximum mineralization of PFOA was 95.48 after 90 min of sonoelectrolysis. Conclusions: Sonoelectrolysis was found to be a more effective technique for mineralization of an environmentally persistent compound.