Development and psychometric properties of the Hookah Smoking Initiation for Women Questionnaire (HIWQ)

Abstract

The aims of this study were to design the Hookah Smoking Initiation for Women Questionnaire (HIWQ) and determine its psychometric properties. This was a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design consisting of qualitative and quantitative phases. This study was conducted from August 2012 to July 2013 in Tehran. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were held with 36 Iranian women for developing a preliminary item pool. Consequently, during the quantitative phase, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were determined with the collaboration of 323 women living in various geographical locations in Tehran, Iran. Content validity of the questionnaire was examined by a panel of experts. The questionnaire's construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analyses. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to check the questionnaire's internal consistency reliability. Moreover, its stability was tested using the test-retest method. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the HIQW could best be explained by a six-factor solution: 'drawing the attention of other people', the need to having fun and being relaxed, 'hookah smoking in the family', 'availability of hookah', 'curiosity' and 'having a positive attitude toward hookah'. It also was found that the construct and content validity, and the reliability of the questionnaire were satisfactory (alpha = 0.83, ICC = 0.94). The HIQW was valid and reliable. Therefore, healthcare professionals can use it for evaluating the hookah smoking initiation in women. Future studies are required to refine this questionnaire and assess its applicability in different cultures and contexts.