Factors associated with progression to pre-diabetes: a recurrent events analysis

Abstract

Aims Pre-diabetes is a strong risk factor for type 2diabetes (T2D). The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with normal glucose maintenance and pre-diabetes prevention or delay. Methods Data of 1016 first-degree relatives of T2D patients were retrieved from the Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study (IDPS). Association of various variables including nutrients, serum tests and physical activity with the risk of pre-diabetes was assessed using recurrent events approach. Results Cumulative incidence of diabetes was 8.17, 9.44, and 4.91 for total sample and individuals with and without pre-diabetes experience in the follow-up. Risk of progression to pre-diabetes was higher in women and older people (p < 0.01). Additionally, BMI and blood pressure had significant association with the risk (p < 0.01) and individuals with higher intake of fat were at higher risk (HR = 2.26; 95 CI 1.66-3.07 for high-intake and HR = 1.52; 95 CI 1.27-1.83 for medium-intake compared to low-intake group). Carbohydrates and protein intake were positively associated with the risk of pre-diabetes with HR = 8.63 per 49 g extra carbohydrates per day and HR = 1.32 per 6 g extra protein per day (p < 0.01). The association was also significant for triglyceride (TG) with 7 risk increase per 1 SD = 1.14 increase in TG level. Conclusion Despite frequent studies on lifestyle modification for pre-diabetes prevention, less information is available about the role of nutritional components. We observed direct effects for intake of macronutrients including fat, carbohydrates, and protein in first-degree relatives. Further research is warranted to assess these associations in general populations.