Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) Effect on Human Lipid Profile: An Updated Systematic Review

Abstract

Dill is an aromatic edible herb, belongs to the genus Anethum in the celery family (Apiaceae or Umbelliferae) with a long history of cultivation from ancient times and two closely related cultivated species, European dill (Anethum graveolens) and Indian dill (Anethum Sowa). We wanted to do this systematic review on the effect of Anethum graveolens intake on lipid profile because the outcomes of multiple research and meta-analyses in this regard were inconsistent. A systematic search for English published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) covering PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Coherence library. The pooled weighted mean difference (MD) and its 95 confidence interval (CI) were calculated and pooled using a random-effects model. Pooled data of 6 RCTs involving 171 intervention cases indicated that dill supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in mean serum total cholesterol (MD 95 CI= -3.71(-5.71,-1.70); P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD 95 CI= -1.51(-2.65,-0.47); P = 0.005), TG (triglycerides) (MD 95 CI= -2.48(-3.98,-0.98); P = 0.001) and interestingly high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (HDL-C) (MD 95 CI= -2.19(-3.58,-0.81); P = 0.002). Subgroup analysis showed that dill use was more effective in lowering triglyceride in both hyperlipidemic patients, MD 95 CI= -3.54(-6.49,-0.60); P = 0.02) and type 2 diabetes (MD 95 CI= -3.64(-5.69,-1.58); P = 0.001). Dill use reduced the LDL levels more effectively in patients with type 2 diabetes (MD 95 CI= -3.54(-6.49,-0.60); P = 0.03). Dill supplementation significantly improved LDL-C, TG, and Total cholesterol (TC) levels but not HDL-C. Further high quality controlled clinical trials on human is needed for more accurate and confirm conclusion.