The effects of vitamin D, K and calcium co-supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and metabolic status in overweight type 2 diabetic patients with CHD

Abstract

This study was conducted to examine the effects of vitamin D, K and Ca co-supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and metabolic status in overweight diabetic patients with CHD. This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among sixty-six diabetic patients with CHD. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups to take either 5 mu g vitamin D, 90 mu g vitamin K plus 500 mg Ca supplements (n 33) or placebo (n 33) twice a day for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were obtained at the beginning of the study and after the 12-week intervention period to determine related markers. Vitamin D, K and Ca co-supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in maximum levels of left CIMT (-004 (sd 022) v. +004 (sd 009) mm, P=002). Changes in serum vitamin D (+65 (sd 78) v. +04 (sd 22) ng/ml, P<0001), Ca (+06 (sd 03) v. +01 (sd 01) mg/dl, P<0001) and insulin concentrations (-09 (sd 31) v. +26 (sd 72) mu IU/ml, P=001), homoeostasis model for assessment of estimated insulin resistance (-04 (sd 12) v. +07 (sd 23), P=001), -cell function (-21 (sd 90) v. +89 (sd 237), P=001) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0007 (sd 001) v. -0006 (sd 002), P=001) in supplemented patients were significantly different from those in patients in the placebo group. Supplementation resulted in significant changes in HDL-cholesterol (+27 (sd 70) v. -25 (sd 57) mg/dl, P=0002), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (-13201 (sd 37583) v. +4640 (sd 30533) ng/ml, P=003) and plasma malondialdehyde concentrations (-04 (sd 05) v. -10 (sd 11) mu mol/l, P=0007) compared with placebo. Overall, vitamin D, K and Ca co-supplementation for 12 weeks among diabetic patients with CHD had beneficial effects on maximum levels of left CIMT and metabolic status. The effect of vitamin D, K and Ca co-supplementation on maximum levels of left CIMT could be a chance finding.