Biological Esophageal Stents: Types, Material Innovations, Clinical Applications, and Performance for Treating Burn Injuries in Biomedical Application

Abstract

The management of pediatric burn injuries involving exposure to acidic solutions poses significant challenges, particularly when they result in esophageal injury requiring intervention. Esophageal stenting has emerged as a valuable treatment option for children with acid-induced esophageal injury, offering a minimally invasive approach to reduce strictures, improve dysphagia, and increase overall quality of life. However, selecting esophageal stents (ES) tailored to the unique needs of pediatric patients is a critical consideration in optimizing treatment outcomes. ES have emerged as critical medical devices in the management of esophageal injuries, particularly in children suffering from acid burns. This article evaluates ES for pediatric acid-induced corrosive injuries, focusing on type-specific efficacy, material properties, stent selection criteria, and clinical outcomes. Mechanisms of stricture prevention, healing promotion, and complication mitigation in children are analyzed, emphasizing innovations in biodegradable materials and anti-migration designs. Recent outcome data (2019-2024) from pediatric case series are synthesized, highlighting challenges like migration and tissue hyperplasia. Advanced fabrication techniques, including self-expanding metallic stents and biodegradable materials, are discussed in light of their efficacy and safety. In addition, this review explores innovative designs tailored to pediatric patients and provides insights into future directions for improving outcomes. The study concludes with future directions for stent technology tailored to pediatric anatomy. By evaluating of ES, this study serves as a valuable resource for clinicians and researchers seeking to optimize the treatment of esophageal injuries in children.