Sustainable solutions for active ingredient release: a comprehensive review of release models and mechanisms

Abstract

The complex drug and fertilizer release processes may take much work to understand and fully predict. Many empirical, semiempirical, and mathematical models have been developed to address the issue. Among the well-known models are Higuchi, power law, Hixson-Crowell, and Baker and Lonsdale. The primary factors influencing the release process include the release environment and the interaction between the active ingredients of medications and fertilizers, as described by Fick's first law. Thus, choosing the best model is essential to accomplishing efficient drug release. Furthermore, it is crucial to comprehend the release processes, including osmotic pumping, erosion, diffusion through polymers, and diffusion via water-filled pores. Selecting the appropriate release mechanism is also necessary as it may help preserve the environment and save significant money. By thoroughly examining these models and mechanisms, it is possible to optimize active ingredient delivery, reduce expenses, and minimize pollution. This article explores drug and fertilizer release models and mechanisms to help achieve these goals.