Risk Assessment of Probable Lead and Mercury Residue in Lipsticks Sold in the Iran Markets

Abstract

Introduction: The increasing use of cosmetic products has raised concerns about toxic metal contamination, particularly lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg), which may pose health risks to regular consumers. This study investigated Pb and Hg concentrations in six lipstick brands available in the Tehran market to evaluate potential health risks. Methods: The concentrations of Pb and Hg were measured in the lipstick samples using a furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) and a hydride generator atomic absorption spectrometer (HGAAS), respectively. The samples were first digested in acid solutions. Consumer health risks were then assessed using the Systemic Exposure Dose (SED) and Margin of Safety (MOS) for both once-daily and twice-daily applications. Results: The mean concentrations of Pb and Hg ranged from 0.14 to 1.7 mg/kg and 0 to 0.065 mg/kg, respectively. The levels of the both elements were found to be below the allowable international standards set by the FDA and WHO. While no risk was observed for Hg across any brand, a health risk for Pb was found in some brands with twice-daily application. Specifically, the MOS value for brand 4 was 1,312 with twice-daily application, which is less than the safe threshold (10,000). Conclusion: Despite heavy metal levels being within international standards, frequent daily use of these lipsticks may contribute to chronic exposure. Hence, continuous monitoring of heavy metal levels in cosmetic products is essential to protect consumers and prevent potential longterm health effects. © 2026 The Author(s); Published by Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences.