Association of dietary acid load with cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with diabetic nephropathy

Abstract

Objective: An association between dietary acid load and cardiovascular disease risk has been reported in epidemiologic studies; however, there are no reports to our knowledge of this association in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary acid load, based on potential renal acid load (PRAL) and protein: potassium ratio (Pro:K) scores, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in individuals with DN. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we randomly enrolled 547 patients with DN. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Biochemical and anthropometric measures were assessed using standard methods. Results: Participants had a mean age of 66.8 y and body mass index of 24 kg/m(2). After controlling for potential confounders, participants in the low PRAL group had lower hemoglobin (Hb)A(1c) (5.7 +/- 0.5 versus 7.8 +/- 0.5; P = 0.01), triacylglycerols (246.9 +/- 2.3 mg/dL versus 257.4 +/- 2.3 mg/dL; P = 0.006), systolic blood pressure (103.6 +/- 0.7 mm Hg versus 106.1 +/- 0.7 mm Hg; P = 0.03), and lower creatinine and fasting blood sugar compared with the high PRAL group. Pro:K was positively related to HbA(1c) (5.8 +/- 0.5 versus 7.6 +/- 0.5; P = 0.03), but inversely associated with low-density lipoprotein and waist circumference. Conclusions: We found that both PRAL and Pro:K were positively related to HbA(1c) in the setting of DN, whereas other biochemical and kidney-related markers varied with PRAL and Pro:K status. Future studies are warranted to clarify the clinical outcomes of dietary acid load in older populations as well as in patients with chronic kidney disease. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.